What Impact did the Conquest have on Aztec Society?

What Impact did the Conquest have on Aztec Society? The revelation of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492 was the impetus for change that had been hotly anticipated in European culture. Following many long periods of living in Asias shadow, the sun was at last ascending over Europe and their recently vanquished land. Be that as it may, we mustnt overlook that the New World was not really new to the indigenous people groups of the Americas. When Hernã ¡n Cortã ©s showed up in Mexico, the Aztecs had just settled a general public that had been effectively working for a long time, total with an abounding capital that matched European urban communities. In any case, the Spanish had the option to execute their general public and for all time change it. At the same time, they had the option change the manner in which society worked in their country in Europe. Be that as it may, how did the Spanish achieve the triumph of the Aztec Empire and what occurred after they did? The disclosure and triumph of the Aztec domain, while helpfu l to European culture in both the New and Old World, leaves Aztec society executed and basically unrecognizable The fall of the Aztec realm to Hernã ¡n Cortã ©s and his military was the important initial phase in controlling this region of the Americas. Hernã ¡n Cortã ©s, a Spaniard on an unsanctioned campaign arrived on the shoreline of Mexico in early1519, was looking for the reputed gold and incredible urban communities of Mexico. [1] He showed up in the city of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire, later that year. [2] At this time in the mid sixteenth century, Tenochtitlan was perhaps the biggest city on the planet, bragging a populace more than 200,000 people. [3] According to records, the Spanish were amazed by the city and had seen nothing like it before. [4] The Aztec domain in general, run by a head named Montezuma, had authority more than 5 million individuals in the zone that is currently known as Mexico. [5] Cortà ©s first endeavor to vanquish the Aztecs flopped hopelessly and he was immediately compelled to withdraw. In any case, he returned in 1 521with indigenous partners from encompassing regions and had the option to behead their general public. He did this by misusing social and political shortcomings of the realm. Most importantly, the Aztecs were not acquainted with customary European fighting. Their battling had consistently been formal, not for carnage. The Europeans were coldblooded in their endeavors to vanquish the domain. Furthermore, Cortã ©s disturbs the political structure of the domain rapidly by crushing Montezuma. The Aztecs were profoundly reliant upon their hierarchal structure, and without a ruler, they couldn't viably sort out resistance. [6] They were left in a condition of mayhem and were at long last compelled to give up to the conquistadors following 3 months of warfare. [7] For the Aztecs, this acquiescence to the Spanish implied the perpetual loss of their political and social society. The Spanish didn't simply bargain a human hit to the political structure and culture of Tenochtitlan; they likewise completely destroyed a large number of its inhabitants. This, nonetheless, was not deliberate. The Aztecs had never been presented to European ailments, for example, flu and smallpox, and in this way were incredibly vulnerable to these sicknesses. Smallpox was especially infectious and dangerous. Utilizing the Spaniards as a vessel, it executed more than 80 percent, which was roughly 11 million individuals, of the first populace of Tenochtitlan. [8] It is hard to understand how the Aztecs felt as they watched a large number of individuals pass on around them in a baffling way. The mental impact was definitely devastating. [9] This segment breakdown further debilitated the domain and left it progressively defenseless to European control and misuse. On the off chance that the obliteration of the political structure had not been sufficient to overcome the Aztec Emp ire, such a mind-boggling loss of the first populace did. The fall of the Aztec realm, while an annihilation to its indigenous individuals, was a noteworthy accomplishment for Hernã ¡n Cortã ©s and his military of conquistadors. Subsequent to carrying Tenochtitlan to the ground, the Europeans accepted the accountability of intensity in the zone, which implied they expected to develop another legitimate system. Spains new viceroyalty was suitably named New Spain and its capital was called Mexico City. [10] The Spanish crown selected Hernã ¡n Cortã ©s senator and built up a framework much like feudalism that had been seen in before European culture. In the encomienda framework, conquistadors were given land and work, and consequently they needed to house the indigenous individuals and give them a Christian education. [11] This framework didn't fill in as adequately as initially arranged. Since the Spanish crown was over the sea, it couldn't implement the framework. Much of the time, the Spanish regarded the Aztecs as slaves. In or der to expand European culture into the region, the indigenous individuals at last lost their religion, their way of life, their opportunity, and their respect under this framework. Advancing religion in the New World was not just a route for Europeans to legitimize their victories, however it was a path for them to spread their thoughts and apply control in the New World. [12] Former strict establishments of the Aztec Empire were viewed as impiety to the Spanish Christians, and by 1521 the Spanish had demolished 600 sanctuaries and 20,000 icons. Dwarfed, the indigenous people groups received Christianity without much hesitation. [13] The Spanish made endeavors to fuse Aztecan viewpoints into the new strict society. They permitted indigenous people groups to be a piece of the managerial structure of the congregation. They likewise supplanted customary church outfits with Spanish garments. [14] Just like in Europe, Christianity turned into a basic piece of society in New Spain. Back in the old world, individuals heard accounts of the glorious triumph of Mexico and built up a longing to go to the New World. This was something to be thankful for, particularly following the exhaustion of 80% of the first populace of Tenochtitlan (lecture). [15] This presentation of individuals from the old world made a general public of new ethnic assorted variety. There were the two unique gatherings of individuals: the Spanish and the indigenous Aztecs. From the soonest collaborations between these gatherings, Spanish guys and Aztecan ladies reared and made another variety of individuals called the mestizo (Darwin 64). The Spanish inevitably brought African slaves into society as a wellspring of work, and they reared with the Spanish and the Aztecs to and built up the mulatto network (Darwin 64). [16] This interbreeding made a hierarchal society dependent on race, with the Spanish whites, or criolles on top. The new creole society in New Spain was an immediate result of the European success of Aztec society, for it could never have happened without them. The Spanish experienced a plenty of new assets in New Spain, yet the one great they esteemed over all others was mineral riches. The nearness of gold and silver in the New World was perhaps the most grounded factor that empowered colonization (Darwin 63). The revelation of colossal supplies of silver at Zacatecas in the Mexico zone affected the New World, the Old World, and past (Darwin 63). [17] Firstly, it took into account the improvement of advancements. Silver must be purged when it is mined, and the mercury required for cleaning originated from Iberia and Croatia. The lighting in the silver mines is given by candles produced using the fat of dairy cattle. Work originates from the indigenous occupants. At the point when the bullion is delivered over to Europe, it really has a gigantic effect on society. An extreme increment in adaptation is seen. (lecture)â [18]â . At the point when Asians know about this, they request that they become a piece of exchange. It changed the m anner by which the Europeans interfaced with the Asians. Before this, the Europeans tread lightly around the edges of the Asian mainland and were viewed as only irritations. (Darwin pg 59). [19] Silver turns into the principal genuinely worldwide item. The revelation of silver considers European venture into the east and the west, affecting the social orders of Europe, Asia, and the Aztecs all the while. We mustnt overlook how the victory of the Aztec Empire affected society over the Atlantic Ocean in the Old World. The revelation of the Americas all in all tested the perspectives of European culture and presented them to new characteristic history and topography. Maps assumed a significant job in sixteenth century Europe. During this century we see the rise of the Waldseemuller maps in 1507, which have gotten known as the birth testament of America (exhibit). [20] Hernà ¡n Cortã ©s likewise makes a guide, this one of his vanquished city of Tetnochtitlan. He sends it to Europe and it turns into the main delineation Europeans see of their recently procured land. What's more, as indicated by researcher Barbara E. Mundy, the guide accepted an emblematic capacity in supporting Cortã ©ss only victory of the Amerindian domain. (article) [21] In expansion to maps, books and workmanship became mainstream methods of delineating the New World for the individuals who lived a large nu mber of miles away. Bernal Diaz del Castillo, an infantry man of Cortã ©s, expounded on his experiences in New Spain. He recounts to the narrative of myself and my confidants, every single genuine vanquisher, who served His Majesty in the disclosure, success, appeasement, and settlement㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦of New Spain (exhibit). [22] This assortment of tales is a work of art, even today. The maps, books, and artworks that originated from the Old World portrayed the New World for European culture, improving their insight and upgrading their perspectives. In talking about the effect of the revelation and victory of the Aztec domain on both American and European social orders, one must comprehend that Hernã ¡n Cortã ©s and his conquistadors at last devastated a once prospering and dazzl

Essay Topic 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Theme 1 - Essay Example Tax collection has been an issue. Numerous states have their wellsprings of annual expense. In any case, the national government, in its mission to raise more income for the country’s motivation, has initiated various components that empower it to get a huge portion of the duty that states gather. It has empowered the national government to stifle the government as its needs increment day in day out. Dubious issues, for example, fetus removal and same-sex relationships have permitted the national government to impact states. It isn't clear what laws, particularly relating to such questionable issues ought to be followed. Be that as it may, national laws have won in the nation concerning such dubious issues as individual states keep on pondering in transit forward. The procedure of nationalization is legitimized, on the grounds that in the present world, globalization has prompted an apparently littler world. Henceforth, the country’s plan ought to be one rather than that of each state, which will guarantee that the country influences its dirt and in the worldwide

100 Must-Read Books about Ancient History

100 Must-Read Books about Ancient History Rome. Athens. Memphis and Thebes. Ramses II. Nefertiti. Julius Caesar. Cleopatra. Aristotle. Sappho. Cyrus the Great. Democracy. Oligarchy. Republic and Empire. Societies and people long gone and still they tickle our imagination. Ancient history as a scholarly endeavor came into existence during the time of the European empires. The imperialists of Great Britain, France, Italy, and Germany looked to the distant past for validation and wrote their history accordingly, resulting in a research field dominated by white men focusing on Rome and Greece. But things are beginning to change. Books about ancient history and Classical studies are becoming more inclusive. The ancient histories of Persia, India, present-day Iraq and Sudan and their influences on Rome and Greece are being acknowledged. The white dominance among Classicists is being challenged. Inter-disciplinary research projects bring together the disciplines of history and archaeology. This list of 100 must-read books about Ancient History reflects these changes. Prepare for your TBR list to explode. The blurbs for books about ancient history are taken, whole or in part, from amazon.com. A 1. Richard Alston, Soldier and Society in Roman Egypt. A Social History. Soldier and Society in Roman Egypt provides a complete reassessment of the impact of the Roman army on local societies, and convincingly challenges the orthodox picture. The soldiers are seen not as an isolated elite living in fear of the local populations, but as relatively well-integrated into local communities. The unsuspected scale of the armys involvement in these communities offers a new insight into both Roman rule in Egypt and Roman imperialism more generally. 2. Jan Assman, The Mind of Egypt. History and Meaning in the Time of the Pharaohs. The Mind of Egypt presents an unprecedented account of the mainsprings of Egyptian civilization-the ideals, values, mentalities, belief systems, and aspirations. Drawing on a range of literary, iconographic, and archaeological sources, renowned historian Jan Assmann reconstructs a world of unparalleled complexity, a culture that, long before others, possessed an extraordinary degree of awareness and self-reflection. Widely acclaimed for his cross-disciplinary approach, Assmann has produced a tantalizing study of an ancient civilization, even as he has opened new directions in historical investigation. B 3. Zainab Bahrani, Mesopotamia. Ancient Art and Architecture. This book is the first in ten years to present a comprehensive survey of art and architecture in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq, northeast Syria and southeast Turkey), from 8000 B.C.E. to the arrival of Islam in 636 C.E. The book is richly illustrated with c. 400 full-color photographs, maps, and time charts that guide readers through the chronology and geography of this part of the ancient Near East. 4. Anthony A. Barrett, Agrippina. Sex, Power, and Politics in the Early Empire. Agrippina the Younger attained a level of power in first-century Rome unprecedented for a woman. According to ancient sources, she achieved her success by plotting against her brother, the emperor Caligula, murdering her husband, the emperor Claudius, and controlling her son, the emperor Nero, by sleeping with him. Modern scholars tend to accept this verdict. But in his dynamic biography?the first on Agrippina in English?Anthony Barrett paints a startling new picture of this influential woman. 5. Elizabeth Bartman, Portraits of Livia. Imaging the Imperial Woman in Augustan Rome. Driven by the novelty of her role as empress, Livia Drusilla, wife of Augustus, invented a visual language of female rank and status that was to have a profound impact on Roman art. Richly illustrated and including descriptive catalogue entries of more than 110 surviving portraits, as well as the epigraphic testimony for scores of images now lost, Bartman’s study presents unparalleled documentation of Livias image during more than sixty years of her public life in Rome. 6. Mary Beard, SPQR. A History of Ancient Rome. In SPQR, an instant classic, Mary Beard examines not just how we think of ancient Rome but challenges the comfortable historical perspectives that have existed for centuries. With its nuanced attention to class, democratic struggles, and the lives of entire groups of people omitted from the historical narrative for centuries, SPQR will shape our view of Roman history for decades to come. 7. Martin Bernal, Black Athena. The Afro-Asiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, vol. 1. In Black Athena, Martin Bernal challenges Eurocentric attitudes by proposing a Revised Ancient Model, which suggests that classical civilization in fact had deep roots in Afroasiatic cultures. 8. Martin Bernal, Black Athena. The Afro-Asiatic Roots of Classical Civilization vol. 2. Volume 2 is concerned with the archaeological and documentary evidence for contacts between Egypt and the Levant on the one hand and the Aegean on the other, during the Bronze Age from c. 3400 B.C. to c. 1100 B.C. These approaches are supplemented by information from later Greek myths, legends, religious cults, and language. 9. Martin Bernal, Black Athena. The Afro-Asiatic Roots of Classical Civilization vol. 3. In the third and final volume of the series, Bernal shows how nearly 40 percent of the Greek vocabulary has been plausibly derived from two Afroasiatic languagesâ€"Ancient Egyptian and West Semitic. This evidence, according to Bernal, greatly strengthens the hypothesis that in Greece an Indo-Europeanâ€"speaking population was culturally dominated by Ancient Egyptian and West Semitic speakers. 10. David Bindman Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Image of the Black in Western Art, Vol. 1. From the Pharaohs to the Fall of the Roman Empire.  This volume offers a comprehensive look at the fascinating and controversial subject of the representation of black people in the ancient world. Classic essays by distinguished scholars guide the reader through enormous changes in the field in the wake of the “Black Athena” story. 11. Susan Blundell, Women in Ancient Greece. To read the history of ancient Greece as it has been written for centuries is to enter a thoroughly male world. This book, a comprehensive history of women in the Archaic and Classical Ages, completes our picture of ancient Greek society. 12. Keith Bradley Paul Cartledge (eds.), The Cambridge World History of Slavery. Vol. 1. The Ancient Mediterranean World. Volume 1 in the new Cambridge World History of Slavery series surveys the history of slavery in the ancient Mediterranean world. In twenty-two chapters, leading scholars explore the centrality of slavery in ancient Mediterranean life using a wide range of textual and material evidence. Non-specialist readers in particular will find the volume an accessible account of the early history of this crucial phenomenon. 13. Pierre Briant (Jane Marie Todd, transl.), Darius in the Shadow of Alexander. The first book ever devoted to the historical memory of Darius III, ruler of the Persian Empire and archenemy of Alexander the Great, who, despite ruling over an empire that stretched from the Mediterranean to India, remains an obscure figure. C 14. Andrea Carandini (eds.), The Atlas of Ancient Rome. The Atlas of Ancient Rome provides a comprehensive archaeological survey of the city of Rome from prehistory to the early medieval period. Lavishly illustrated throughout with full-color maps, drawings, photos, and 3D reconstructions, this magnificent two-volume slip-cased edition features the latest discoveries and scholarship, with new descriptions of more than 500 monuments. 15. Jennifer Y. Chi Sebastian Heath (eds.), Edge of Empires. Pagans, Jews, and Christians at Roman Dura-Europos. Strategically located high above the Euphrates River between Syria and Mesopotamia, the city of Dura-Europos was founded around 300 B.C.E. Edge of Empires vividly illustrates the international and pluralistic character of Dura-Europos, highlighting objects that demonstrate the coexistence of multiple religions such as polytheistic cults, Judaism, and Christianity; the great variety of languages spoken by its population; and its role as an international military garrison. The book also includes a map of the region and a detailed site plan of Dura-Europos. 16. Eric H. Cline, 1177 B.C. The Year Civilization Collapsed. In 1177 B.C., marauding groups known only as the Sea Peoples invaded Egypt. The pharaohs army and navy managed to defeat them, but the victory so weakened Egypt that it soon slid into decline, as did most of the surrounding civilizations. Bringing to life the vibrant multicultural world of these great civilizations, Eric Cline draws a sweeping panorama of the empires and globalized peoples of the Late Bronze Age and shows that it was their very interdependence that hastened their dramatic collapse and ushered in a dark age that lasted centuries. 17. Paul Collins, Mountains and Lowlands. Ancient Iran and Mesopotamia. Mountains and Lowlands is an engaging exploration of the history of ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) and Iran from 6000 B.C. to A.D. 650. Ancient Mesopotamia and Iran are usually treated separately or as part of a much broader Ancient Near East. However, the developments that lie at the root of our own worldâ€"farming, cities, writing, organized religion, warfareâ€"were forged in the tensions and relations between the inhabitants of lowland Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq) and the highlands of Iran. 18. Harriet Crawford, Ur. The City of the Moon God. This account of Urs past looks at both the ancient city and its evolution over centuries, as well as its archaeological interpretation in more recent times. The volume also describes the part played by Ur in the Gulf War and discusses the problems raised for archaeologists in the wars aftermath. 19. Miguel Angel Corzo Mahasti Afshar (eds.), Art and Eternity. The Nefertari Wall Paintings Conservation Project 1986â€"1992. This is the final report on the conservation of the wall paintings in the tomb of Queen Nefertari, consort ruler of Ramses II, in the Valley of Queens, Egypt. This highly successful collaborative venture brought together scientists and conservators from all over the world to address the problems facing one of the most beautiful monuments of Ancient Egypt. The painstaking process that saved this cultural treasure in situ is documented here by those most intimately involved in its rescue. Other articles deal with the archaeology of the Valley, the iconography of the tomb, the original techniques and materials used by the artists, photographic documentation of the wall paintings, and literary sources for their study. 20. John Curtis Nigel Tallis (eds.), Forgotten Empire. The World of Ancient Persia. Encompassing a rich diversity of different peoples and cultures, Persias Achaeminid Empire flourished between 550 and 331 B.C. The empire originated with Cyrus the Great (559-530 B.C.) and expanded under his successors, who ruled from the royal capitals of Susa and Persepolis, until at its peak it stretched from the Indus Valley to Greece and from the Caspian Sea to Egypt. Forgotten Empire opens a window onto the wealth and splendor of Persian societyâ€"its rich palaces, exquisite craftsmanship, and sophisticated learning. 21. Catherine Chin Moulie Vidas (eds.), Late Ancient Knowing. Explorations in Intellectual History. In this collection of essays, scholars from a range of disciplines explore the activity of knowing in late antiquity by focusing on thirteen major concepts from the intellectual, social, political, and cultural history of the period. The result is a richly imagined description of how people of this time understood and navigated their world, from travel through the countryside and encounters with demons to philosophical medicine and the etiquette of imperial courts. 22. Vesta Sarkosh Curtis E. Errington, From Persepolis to the Punjab. Exploring Ancient Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The phrase from Persepolis to the Punjab refers to the vast Iranian empires of the Achaemenids (550-331 B.C.), Parthians (238 B.C.-A.D. 224) and the Sasanians (A.D. 224-651), which extended eastwards through Afghanistan to the north-western borderlands of the Indian subcontinent. The interest of 19th-century European powers in this region has been called the Great Game and its effects are explored in this book. 23. V.S. Curtis S. Stewart (eds.), The Sasanian Era. Seizing power from the previous dynastyâ€"the Parthiansâ€"the Sasanians ruled Iran and most of the ancient Near East from 224 until 642 C.E. They are particularly fascinating because of their adherence to Zoroastrianism, an ancient dualistic Iranian religion named after the prophet Zarathustra (or, in Greek, Zoroaster). The volume in question arguably comprises the most complete and comprehensive treatment of the Sasanian civilization yet to be published in English. 24. V.S. Curtis S. Stewart (eds.), The Age of the Parthians. The Parthians are a fascinating but little-known ancient civilization. This imperial eastern superpower, which lasted for 400 years and stretched from the Hindu Kush to Mesopotamia, withstood the might of Rome for centuries. The Parthians were nomadic horse-warriors who left few written records, concentrating rather on a rich oral and storytelling tradition. In this book, distinguished scholars examineâ€"from a variety of perspectivesâ€"the origins of the Parthians, their history, religion and culture, as well as perceptions of their empire through the lens of both imperial Rome and China. 25. V.S. Curtis S. Stewart (eds.), Birth of the Persian Empire. This book explores the formation of the first Persian Empire under the Achaemenid Persians in the period beginning just before the middle of the 6th century up to the collapse of the Persian Empire following the conquest by Alexander the Great in the late 4th century B.C. Eminent scholars offer a critical approach to some of the traditional interpretations and guide the reader towards a better understanding of the formation of the Persian Empire. D 26. James Davidson, The Greeks and Greek Love. For nearly two thousand years, historians have treated the subject of homosexuality in ancient Greece with apology, embarrassment, or outright denial. Now classics scholar James Davidson offers a brilliant, unblushing exploration of the passion that permeated Greek civilization. Using homosexuality as a lens, Davidson sheds new light on every aspect of Greek culture, from politics and religion to art and war. With stunning erudition and irresistible witâ€"and without moral judgmentâ€"Davidson has written the first major examination of homosexuality in ancient Greece since the dawn of the modern gay rights movement. 27. Touraj Darayee, Sasanian Persia. The Rise and Fall of an Empire. Of profound importance in late antiquity, the Sasanian Empire is almost completely unknown today, except as a counterpoint to the Roman Empire. In this brilliant and highly readable new history Touraj Daryaee fills a huge gap in our knowledge of world history. He examines the Sasanians complex and colorful narrative and demonstrates their unique significance, not only for the development of Iranian civilization but also for Roman and Islamic history. 28. Beate Dignas, Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity. Neighbours and Rivals. The foundation of the Sasanian Empire in Persia in A.D. 224 established a formidable new power on the Roman Empires eastern frontier, and relations over the next four centuries proved turbulent. This book provides a chronological narrative of their relationship, supported by a substantial collection of translated sources illustrating structural patterns. Special attention is given to the situation of Arabia and Armenia, to economic aspects, the protection of the frontiers, the religious life in both empires, and the channels of communication between East and West. 29. Nathalie Dohrmann Annette Yoshiko Reed (eds.), Jews, Christians, and the Roman Empire. The Poetics of Power in Late Antiquity. In histories of ancient Jews and Judaism, the Roman Empire looms large. For all the attention to the Jewish Revolt and other conflicts, however, there has been less concern for situating Jews within Roman imperial contexts; just as Jews are frequently dismissed as atypical by scholars of Roman history, so Rome remains invisible in many studies of rabbinic and other Jewish sources written under Roman rule. Jews, Christians, and the Roman Empire brings Jewish perspectives to bear on long-standing debates concerning Romanization, Christianization, and late antiquity, focusing on the third to sixth centuries C.E. E 30. David N. Edwards, The Nubian Past. An Archaeology of the Sudan. This  cutting-edge synthesis of the archaeology of Nubia and Sudan from prehistory to the nineteenth century A.D. is the first major work on this area for over three decades. Drawing on results of the latest research and developing new interpretive frameworks, the area which has produced the most spectacular archaeology in sub-Saharan Africa is examined here by an author with extensive experience in this field. 31. Catharine Edwards, Death in Ancient Rome. For the Romans, the manner of a persons death was the most telling indication of their true character. Death in the Roman world was largely understood and often literally viewed as a spectacle. Death revealed the true patriot, the genuine philosopher, even the great artistâ€"and certainly the faithful Christian. Catharine Edwards draws on the many and richly varied accounts of death in the writings of Roman historians, poets and philosophers, including Cicero, Lucretius, Virgil, Seneca, Petronius, Tacitus, Tertullian, and Augustine, to investigate the complex significance of dying in the Roman world. F 32. Neil Faulkner, Rome. Empire of the Eagles. The Roman Empire is widely admired as a model of civilization. In this compelling new study Neil Faulkner argues that in fact, it was nothing more than a ruthless system of robbery and violence. War was used to enrich the state, the imperial ruling classes, and favored client groups. In the process millions of people were killed or enslaved. Within the empire the landowning elite creamed off the wealth of the countryside to pay taxes to the state and fund the towns and villas where they lived. The masses of peopleâ€"slaves, serfs and poor peasantsâ€"were victims of a grand exploitation that made the empire possible. This system, riddled with tension and latent conflict, contained the seeds of its own eventual collapse. 33. Irving Finkel (ed.), The Cyrus Cylinder. The King of Persia’s Proclamation from Ancient Babylon. Some historical artifacts are destined forever to alter how the ancient world is perceived. The unearthing in todays Iraq (in 1879) of a clay cylinder-shaped decree from Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia, stands in the same tradition of game-changing discoveries from antiquity as Hammurabis famous law code or the intact tomb of the boy-king Tutankhamun. This important volume is the first to discuss the Cylinder and its remarkable history. 34. N.R.E. Fisher, Slavery in Classical Greece. This is an authoritative and clearly written account of the main issues involved in the study of Greek slavery from Homeric times to the fourth century B.C. It provides valuable insights into the fundamental place of slavery in the economies and social life of classical Greece, and includes penetrating analyses of the widely-held ancient ideological justifications of slavery. Throughout, the author shows how political and economic systems, ideas of national identity, work and gender, and indeed the fundamental nature of Greek civilization itself, were all profoundly affected by the fact that many of the Greek city-states were slave societies. 35. Marjorie Fisher, Peter Lacovara, Sue D’Auria, Salima Ikram, Chester Higgins, Jr. (eds.), Zahi Hawass (foreword), Ancient Nubia. African Kingdoms on the Nile. For most of the modern world, ancient Nubia seems an unknown and enigmatic land. Only a handful of archaeologists have studied its history or unearthed the Nubian cities, temples, and cemeteries that once dotted the landscape of southern Egypt and northern Sudan. This book attempts to document some of what has recently been discovered about ancient Nubia, with its remarkable history, architecture, and culture, and thereby to give us a picture of this rich, but unfamiliar, African legacy. 36. Benjamin R. Foster Karen Foster, Civilizations of Ancient Iraq. In Civilizations of Ancient Iraq, Benjamin and Karen Foster tell the fascinating story of ancient Mesopotamia from the earliest settlements ten thousand years ago to the Arab conquest in the seventh century. Ancient Iraq was home to remarkable achievementsâ€"the worlds earliest cities and empires, writing and literature, science and mathematics, monumental art, and innumerable other innovations. Civilizations of Ancient Iraq is an essential guide to understanding Mesopotamias central role in the development of human culture. G 37. Adrian Goldsworthy, The Fall of Carthage. The Punic Wars 265â€"146 B.C.   The Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome were among the greatest conflicts of the ancient world, ending in Carthages destruction at the hands of Rome in 146 B.C.E. Thanks to one of the finest historians of our time, this sweeping saga comes to life anew for modern audiences. The cast of endlessly fascinating characters includes the generals Hannibal and Scipio, as well as treacherous chieftains, beautiful princesses, scheming politicians, and tough professional warriors. 38. Adrian Goldsworthy, Antony and Cleopatra. A masterfully toldâ€"and deeply humanâ€"story of love, politics, and ambition, Adrian Goldsworthy’s Antony and Cleopatra delivers a compelling reassessment of a major episode in ancient history. In this remarkable dual biography of the two great lovers of the ancient world, Goldsworthy goes beyond myth and romance to create a nuanced and historically acute portrayal of his subjects, set against the political backdrop of their time. A history of lives lived intensely at a time when the world was changing profoundly, the book takes readers on a journey that crosses cultures and boundaries from ancient Greece and ancient Egypt to the Roman Empire. 39. Martin Goodman, Rome and Jerusalem. The Clash of Ancient Civilizations. A magisterial history of the titanic struggle between the Roman and Jewish worlds that led to the destruction of Jerusalem. 40. Lester L. Grabbe, Ancient Israel. What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? In Ancient Israel Lester L. Grabbe sets out to summarize what we know through a survey of sources and how we know it by a discussion of methodology and by evaluating the evidence. Grabbe focuses on original sources, including inscriptions, papyri, and archaeology. He examines the problems involved in historical methodology and deals with the major issues surrounding the use of the biblical text when writing a history of this period. Grabbes clarity of style makes this book eminently accessible not only to students of biblical studies and ancient history but also to the interested lay reader. 41. Peter Green, Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Age. The book begins with the personality and achievements of Alexander the Great, and continues with the military and political violence of the successor-kingdoms that fought over his inheritance. This era saw many important developmentsâ€"a shift from the oral to the written; a move from the public to the private and a new individualist ethos; a huge growth in slavery; a growing gap between rich and poor; a growing taste for luxury. 42. Ogden Goelet Raymond Faulkner, The Egyptian Book of the Dead. Written and illustrated some 3,300 years ago, The Egyptian Book of the Dead is an artistic rendering of the mysteries of life and death. For the first time since its creation, this ancient papyrus is now available in full color with an integrated English translation directly below each image. H 43. Judith P. Hallet Marilyn B. Skinner (eds.), Roman Sexualities. This collection of essays seeks to establish Roman constructions of sexuality and gender difference as a distinct area of research, complementing work already done on Greece to give a fuller picture of ancient sexuality. By applying feminist critical tools to forms of public discourse, including literature, history, law, medicine, and political oratory, the essays explore the hierarchy of power reflected so strongly in most Roman sexual relations. 44. Judith Harris, Pompeii Awakened. A Story of Rediscovery. On that fateful day in A.D. 79 the city of Pompeii was lost, and in time its location, its inhabitants, and even its name were buried and forgotten. Not until 1755 did it emerge from its layer of volcanic rock, and the impact of that discovery was immediate and far-reaching. Judith Harris has delved into ancient diaries and descended deep underground to assess the latest excavations. As the sleeping city re-awakens in her hands, Pompeii casts its spell once more, bewitching those who seek to unearth its buried secrets. 45. Zahi Hawass, Mountains of the Pharaohs. The Untold Story of the Pyramid Builders. The great pyramids of Giza have intrigued humanity for thousands of years. Recent cutting-edge research has uncovered information about how and why they were built. In Mountains of the Pharaohs, Zahi Hawass, a world-renowned archaeologist, weaves the latest archaeological data and an enthralling family history into a spellbinding narrative. 46. Zahi Hawass, Silent Images. Women in Pharaonic Egypt. Our endless fascination with ancient Egypt owes much to the beauty of the tomb paintings, statuary, temple reliefs, and other magnificent artworks that are the legacy of this remarkable culture. But despite the multitude of objects and texts that have survived, questions abound, particularly about the true role of women in Egyptian society. This wonderfully illustrated, brilliantly researched book draws on unpublished material from author Zahi Hawass own excavations as well as new analyzes of older evidence to penetrate the silent images and paint an astonishing picture of womens lives. 47. Richard Hingley Christina Unwin, Boudica. Iron Age Warrior Queen. Boudica, or Boadicea, queen of the Iceni, led a famous revolt against Roman rule in Britain in 60 C.E., throwing the province into chaos and sending a shock wave across the empire. Boudica. Iron Age Warrior Queen is an account of what we know about the real woman, from classical literature, written for the consumption of readers in Rome, and from the archaeological evidence. It also traces her extraordinary posthumous career as the earliest famous woman in British history. 48. Tom Holland, Rubicon. In 49 B.C., the seven hundred fifth year since the founding of Rome, Julius Caesar crossed a small border river called the Rubicon and plunged Rome into cataclysmic civil war. Tom Holland’s enthralling account tells the story of Caesar’s generation, witness to the twilight of the Republic and its bloody transformation into an empire. Combining verve and freshness with scrupulous scholarship, Rubicon is not only an engrossing history of this pivotal era but a uniquely resonant portrait of a great civilization in all its extremes of self-sacrifice and rivalry, decadence and catastrophe, intrigue, war, and world-shaking ambition. 49. Keith Hopkins Mary Beard, The Colosseum.   In The Colosseum we learn the details of how the arena was built and at what cost; we are introduced to the emperors who sometimes fought in gladiatorial games staged there; and we take measure of the audience who reveled in, or opposed, these games. The authors also trace the strange afterlife of the monumentâ€"as fortress, shrine of martyrs, church, and glue factory. Why are we so fascinated with this arena of death? 50. Janos Harmatta, B.N. Puri G.F. Etemadi, History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. II. The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Volume 2 of a series that chronicles the ancient history of Central Asia. I 51. Salima Ikram, Ancient Egypt. An Introduction. Beginning with a geographical overview that explains the development of Egyptian belief systems as well as its subsequent political development, this book examines methodology, the history of the discipline of Egyptology, religion, social organization, urban and rural life, and death. It also includes a section on how people of all ranks lived. Lavishly illustrated with many unusual photographs of rarely seen sites that are seldom illustrated. 52. Salima Ikram, Death and Burial in Ancient Egypt. Death, burial, and the afterlife were as important to the ancient Egyptians as how they lived. This well-illustrated book explores all aspects of death in ancient Egypt, including beliefs of the afterlife, mummification, the protection of the body, tombs and their construction and decoration, funerary goods, and the funeral itself. It also addresses the relationship between the living and the dead, and the magico-religious interaction of these two in ancient Egyptian culture. J 53. Sandra R. Joshel, Slavery in the Roman World. Rome was a slave society. Slavery fundamentally shaped Roman society and culture. In this book, Sandra Joshel offers a comprehensive overview of Roman slavery. Using a variety of sources, including literature, law, and material culture, she examines the legal condition of Roman slaves, traces the stages of the sale of slaves, analyzes the relations between slaves and slaveholders, and details the social and family lives of slaves. Richly illustrated with images of slaves, captives, and the material conditions of slaves, this book also considers food, clothing, and housing of slaves, thereby locating slaves in their physical surroundingsâ€"the cook in the kitchen, the maid in her owners bedroom, the smith in a workshop, and the farm laborer in a vineyard. K 54. Homa Katouzian, The Persians. Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Iran. This authoritative and comprehensive history of Iran covers the entire history of the area from the ancient Persian Empire to today’s Iranian state. Writing from an Iranian rather than a European perspective, Katouzian integrates the significant cultural and literary history of Iran with its political and social history. A magisterial history, this book also serves as an excellent background to the role of Iran in the contemporary world. 55. David Kessler, The Falashas. A Short History of the Ethiopian Jews. Drawing on tradition and legend to reinforce his argument, Kessler traces the source of the Ethiopian Jewish community to the Jewish settlements which existed in ancient Egypt (particularly at Elephantine on the Nile) and in the ancient Meroitic Kingdom, in present day Sudan known in the Bible as Cush. The story told in this book is remarkable, heroic and stimulating and makes a valuable contribution to our understanding of the history of the horn of Africa. 56. Paul Kriwaczek, Babylon. Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization. In Babylon, Paul Kriwaczek tells the story of Mesopotamia from the earliest settlements seven thousand years ago to the eclipse of Babylon in the sixth century B.C.E. At the heart of this book is the story of Babylon, which rose to prominence under the Amorite king Hammuramibi from about 1800 B.C.E. Even as Babylons fortunes waxed and waned, it never lost its allure as the ancient worlds greatest city. 57. Paul Kriwaczek, In Search of Zarathustra. Across Iran and Central Asia to Find the Worlds First Prophet. Long before the first Hebrew temple, before the birth of Christ or the mission of Muhammad, there lived in Persia a prophet to whom we owe the ideas of a single god, the cosmic struggle between good and evil, and the Apocalypse. His name was Zarathustra, and his teachings eventually held sway from the Indus to the Nile and spread as far as Britain. Following Zarathustra’s elusive trail back through time and across the Islamic, Christian, and Jewish worlds, Paul Kriwaczek uncovers his legacy at a wedding ceremony in present-day Central Asia, in the Cathar heresy of medieval France, and among the mystery cults of the Roman empire. He explores pre-Muslim Iran and Central Asia, ultimately bringing us face to face with the prophet himself, a teacher whose radical humility shocked and challenged his age, and whose teachings have had an enduring effect on Western thought. The resu lt is a tour de force of travel and historical inquiry by an adventurer in the classic tradition. L 58. Gwendolyn Leick, Mesopotamia. The Invention of the City. Situated in an area roughly corresponding to present-day Iraq, Mesopotamia is one of the great, ancient civilizations, though it is still relatively unknown. Yet, over 7,000 years ago in Mesopotamia, the very first cities were created. This is the first book to reveal how life was lived in ten Mesopotamian cities: from Eridu, the Mesopotamian Eden, to that potent symbol of decadence, Babylon, the first true metropolisâ€"multicultural, multi-ethnic, the last center of a dying civilization. 59. Leonard H. Lesko Barbara S. Lesko, Pharaoh’s Workers. The Village of Deir el Medina. Pharaohs Workers focuses on the archaeological site at Deir el Medina on the west bank of the Nile at Luxor. The workers who prepared the royal tombs lived there in what has been called the earliest known artists colony and left a rich store of artifacts and documents through which we can glimpse not only their working conditions and domestic activities, but also their religious beliefs and private thoughts. M 60. Adrienne Mayor, The Amazons. Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World. Amazons?fierce warrior women dwelling on the fringes of the known world?were the mythic archenemies of the ancient Greeks. In this deeply researched, wide-ranging, and lavishly illustrated book, National Book Award finalist Adrienne Mayor presents the Amazons as they have never been seen before. This is the first comprehensive account of warrior women in myth and history across the ancient world, from the Mediterranean Sea to the Great Wall of China. Driven by a detectives curiosity, Mayor unearths long-buried evidence and sifts fact from fiction to show how flesh-and-blood women of the Eurasian steppes were mythologized as Amazons, the equals of men. 61. Amihai Mazar, Archaeology of the Land of the Bible vol 1. 10,000â€"586 B.C.E. Every year thousands of enthusiasts, amateur and professional, spend the summer months digging in the sands of Israel hoping to find items that in some way relate to the places and events depicted in the Bible. This work looks at the history and archaeology of the Bible lands. 62. Eric Meyers Mark A. Chancey, Alexander to Constantine. Archaeology of the Land of the Bible vol. 3. Drawing on the most recent, groundbreaking archaeological research, Eric M. Meyers and Mark A. Chancey re-narrate the history of ancient Palestine in this richly illustrated and expertly integrated book.   Spanning from the conquest of Alexander the Great in the fourth century B.C.E until the reign of the Roman emperor Constantine in the fourth century C.E., they synthesize archaeological evidence with ancient literary sources (including the Bible) to offer a sustained overview of the tumultuous intellectual and religious changes that impacted world history during the Greco-Roman period. 63. Marvin W. Meyer Richard Smith (eds.), Ancient Christian Magic. Coptic Texts of Ritual Power. This thought-provoking collection of magical texts from ancient Egypt shows the exotic rituals, esoteric healing practices, and incantatory and supernatural dimensions that flowered in early Christianity. By placing these rarely seen texts in their historical context and discussing their significance, the authors explore the place of healing, prayer, miracles, and magic in the early Christian experience, and expand our understanding of Christianity and Gnosticism as a vital folk religion. 64. Marc Van De Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East, c. 3000â€"323 BC. Incorporating the latest scholarly research, the third edition of A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000â€"323 BC presents a comprehensive overview of the multicultural civilizations of the ancient Near East. 65. V.M. Masson, A.H. Dani Janos Harmatta (eds.), History of Civilizations in Central Asia, Vol. 1. First volume in a two-volume attempt to present a comprehensive picture of the history of civilizations in central Asia. N 66. William Naphy, Born to Be Gay. The History of Homosexuality. There has long been an assumption in the West that views on sex and sexuality are basically similar worldwide. This has never been the case. Many ancient cultures actively promoted same-sex relationships as an integral part of adolescence or even worship. Born to be Gay takes a radical look at the history of homosexuality, from Bacchanalian orgies to Gay Pride. 67. Amos Nur, Apocalypse. Earthquakes, Archaeology, and the Wrath of God. Apocalypse brings the latest scientific evidence to bear on biblical accounts, mythology, and the archaeological record to explore how ancient and modern earthquakes have shaped historyâ€"and, for some civilizations, seemingly heralded the end of the world. As Nur shows, recognizing earthquake damage in the shifted foundations and toppled arches of historic ruins is vital today because the scientific record of world earthquake risks is still incomplete. Apocalypse explains where and why ancient earthquakes struckâ€"and could strike again. O 68. David Orrells, Gurminder K. Bhambra, Tessa Roynon (ed.), African Athena. New Agendas. The appearance of Martin Bernals Black Athena. The Afro-Asian Roots of Classical Civilization in 1987 sparked intense debate and controversy in Africa, Europe, and North America. African Athena examines the history of intellectuals and literary writers who contested the white, dominant Euro-American constructions of the classical past and its influence on the present. 69. Ida Östenberg, Staging the World. Spoils, Captives, and Representations in the Roman Triumphal Procession. Staging the World is an illustrated study of the Roman triumphal procession in its capacity as spectacle and performance. Ida Östenberg analyzes how Rome presented and perceived the defeated on parade, aiming to show what stories the Roman triumph told about the defeated and what ideas it transmitted about Rome itself. P 70. Sarah Pomeroy, Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves. Women in Classical Antiquity. The first general treatment of women in the ancient world to reflect the critical insights of modern feminism. Though much debated, its position as the basic textbook on womens history in Greece and Rome has hardly been challenged.Mary Beard, Times Literary Supplement. 71. Bezalel Porten, Archives from Elephantine. The Life of an Ancient Jewish Military Colony. By translating and interpreting 175 papyri written mainly in Aramaic, Bezalel Porten provides an insight into the everyday life of the Jewish military garrison on the island of Elephantine, located on the border of Egypt and Nubia in the fifth century B.C.E. 72. Parvaneh Pourshariati, Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire. The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. Decline and Fall of the Sasanians proposes a convincing contemporary answer to an ages-old mystery and conundrumâ€"why, in the seventh century C.E., did the seemingly powerful and secure Sasanian empire of Persia succumb so quickly and disastrously to the all-conquering Arab armies of Islam? Professor Pourshariati explains the fall in terms of an earlier deep-seated corrosion and decline, and as a result of the empires own internal weaknesses. R 73. Karen Radner, Ancient Assyria. A Very Short Introduction. Assyria was one of the most influential kingdoms of the Ancient Near East. In this Very Short Introduction, Karen Radner sketches the history of Assyria from city state to empire, from the early 2nd millennium B.C. to the end of the 7th century B.C. Since the archaeological rediscovery of Assyria in the mid-19th century, its cities have been excavated extensively in Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and Israel, with further sites in Iran, Lebanon, and Jordan providing important information. The Assyrian Empire was one of the most geographically vast, socially diverse, multicultural, and multi-ethnic states of the early first millennium B.C. Using archaeological records, Radner provides insights into the lives of the inhabitants of the kingdom, highlighting the diversity of human experiences in the Assyrian Empire. 74. John Ray, The Rosetta Stone and the Rebirth of Ancient Egypt. This book tells the story of the Rosetta Stone, from its discovery by Napoleons expedition to Egypt to its currentâ€"and controversialâ€"status as the single most visited object on display in the British Museum. Concluding with a chapter on the political and cultural controversy surrounding the Stone, the book also includes an appendix with a full translation of the Stones text. 75. Donald B. Redford, City of the Ram-Man. The Story of Ancient Mendes. In this richly illustrated book, renowned archaeologist Donald Redford draws on the latest discoveriesâ€"including many of his ownâ€"to tell the story of the ancient Egyptian city of Mendes, home of the mysterious cult of the fornicating ram who mounts the beauties. Excavation by Redford and his colleagues over the past two decades has cast a flood of light on this strange center of worship and political power located in the Nile Delta. A sweeping chronological account filled with photographs, drawings, and informative sidebars, City of the Ram-Man is a unique account of a long-lost monument of Egyptian history, religion, and culture. 76. John Romer, Ancient Lives. The Story of the Pharaoh’s Tomb-Makers. John Romer, one of the best-known historians working today, and a world-renowned expert on the ancient world, presents a brilliant account of the lives of the stonemasons, scribes, and painters who created some of Egypts finest treasures. 77. Annette Yoshiko Reed Ra’anan S. Boustan (eds.), Heavenly Realms and Earthly Realities in Late Antique Religions. The concept of heaven occupied a special place in the Late Antique imagination, not only in Judaism and Christianity, but also in the Greco-Roman religious, philosophical, scientific, and magical traditions. Drawing upon the expertise of scholars of Classics, Ancient History, Jewish Studies, and Patristics, this volume explores the different functions of heavenly imagery in different texts and traditions in order to map the patterns of unity and diversity within the religious landscape of Late Antiquity. 78. Annette Yoshiko Reed, Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity. In the Book of the Watchers, an Enochic apocalypse from the third century B.C.E., the sons of God of Gen 6:1-4 are accused of corrupting humankind through their teachings of metalworking, cosmetology, magic, and divination. By tracing the transformations of this motif in Second Temple, Rabbinic, and early medieval Judaism as well as early, late antique, and Byzantine Christianity, this book sheds light on the history of interpretation of Genesis, the changing status of Enochic literature, and the place of parabiblical texts and traditions in the interchange between Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages. 79. Annette Yoshiko Reed Adam H. Becker (eds.), The Ways that Never Parted. Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Traditional scholarship on the history of Jewish/Christian relations has been largely based on the assumption that Judaism and Christianity were shaped by a definitive Parting of the Ways. According to this model, the two religions institutionalized their differences by the second century and, thereafter, developed in relative isolation from one another, interacting mainly through polemical conflict and mutual misperception. By moving beyond traditional assumptions about the essential differences between Judaism and Christianity, this volume attempts to open the way for a more nuanced understanding of the history of these two religions and the constantly changing yet always meaningful relationship between them. S 80. Ivan van Sertima (ed.), Black Women in Antiquity. Anthology that discusses the role and impact of black African women as rulers and wielders of great power in North Africa and the Mediterranean during Antiquity. 81. Matthew Simonton, Classical Greek Oligarchy. A Political History. Classical Greek Oligarchy thoroughly reassesses an important but neglected form of ancient Greek government, the rule of the few. Matthew Simonton challenges scholarly orthodoxy by showing that oligarchy was not the default mode of politics from time immemorial, but instead emerged alongside, and in reaction to, democracy. Classical Greek Oligarchy represents a major new development in the study of ancient politics. It fills a longstanding gap in our knowledge of nondemocratic government while greatly improving our understanding of forms of power that continue to affect us today. 82. William Kelley Simpson (author), Robert K. Ritner Vincent A. Tobin (translators), The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies and Poetry. The latest edition of this highly praised anthology of ancient Egyptian literature offers fresh translations of all the texts as well as some twenty-five new entries, including writings from the late literature of the Demotic period at the end of classical Egyptian history. The book also includes an extensive bibliography. 83. Giulia Sissa (George Staunton, transl.), Sex and Sensuality in the Ancient World. In this fascinating book Giulia Sissa looks at sensuality and sexual desire in the Greek, Roman, and early Christian worlds, demonstrating how modern concepts of sexuality have emerged from the practices and theories of ancient times. Countering the assumptions of many other scholars, Sissa emphasizes the centrality of heterosexual desire and passion in the classical period, arguing that the importance of homosexuality has been overemphasized. Incisive and often provocative, this is a striking new analysis of sexual attitudes in the classical and post-classical world. 84. Frank Snowden, Before Color Prejudice. The Ancient View of Blacks. In this richly illustrated account of black-white contacts from the Pharaohs to the Caesars, Frank Snowden demonstrates that the ancients did not discriminate against blacks because of their color. This book sheds light on the reasons for the absence in Antiquity of virulent color prejudice and for the difference in attitudes of whites toward blacks in ancient and modern societies. 85. Frank Snowden, Blacks in Antiquity. Ethiopians in the Greco-Roman Experience. The Africans who came to ancient Greece and Italy participated in an important chapter of classical history. Although evidence indicated that the alien dark- and black-skinned people were of varied tribal and geographic origins, the Greeks and Romans classified many of them as Ethiopians. Presenting an exceptionally comprehensive historical description of the first major encounter of Europeans with dark and black Africans, Mr. Snowden found that the black man in a predominantly white society was neither romanticized nor scornedthat the Ethiopian in classical antiquity was considered by pagan and Christian without prejudice. 86. Ephraim Stern, Archaeology of the Land of the Bible vol. 2: The Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian Periods (732â€"332 B.C.E.). Ephraim Stern offers a dramatic look at how archaeological research contributes to our understanding of the connections between history and the stories recounted in the Bible. Stern writes about various artifacts unearthed in recent years and relates them to the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian periods in the Bible. Accompanied by photographs and illustrations of rare ancient relics ranging from household pottery to beautifully crafted jewelry and sculpture. 87. Richard Stoneman, Xerxes. A Persian Life. Xerxes, Great King of the Persian Empire from 486â€"465 B.C., has gone down in history as an angry tyrant full of insane ambition. The stand of Leonidas and the 300 against his army at Thermopylae is a byword for courage, while the failure of Xerxes’ expedition has overshadowed all the other achievements of his twenty-two-year reign. Stoneman draws on the latest research in Achaemenid studies and archaeology to present the ruler from the Persian perspective. This illuminating volume does not whitewash Xerxes’ failings but sets against them such triumphs as the architectural splendor of Persepolis and a consideration of Xerxes’ religious commitments. What emerges is a nuanced portrait of a man who ruled a vast and multicultural empire which the Greek communities of the West saw as the antithesis of their own values. 88. William Sanders Scarborough (Michele Ronnick, ed.), The Works of William Sanders Scarborough. Black Classicist and Race Leader. The first professional classicist of African American descent, William Sanders Scarborough rose from slavery to become president of Wilberforce University in Ohio. Excelling at Latin and Greek, he crossed the color line both socially and intellectually with his entry into a field of study commonly seen as elitist and dominated by white men. Although unknown to classicists today, Scarborough had a distinguished career in the field and held membership in many learned societies and had an active publication record. His life as an engaged intellectual, public citizen, and concerned educator was admired and emulated by W. E. B. Du Bois. 89. Jacqueline Fabre-Serris Alison Keith (eds.), Women and War in Antiquity. The martial virtues?courage, loyalty, cunning, and strength?were central to male identity in the ancient world, and antique literature is replete with depictions of men cultivating and exercising these virtues on the battlefield. In Women and War in Antiquity, sixteen scholars reexamine classical sources to uncover the complex but hitherto unexplored relationship between women and war in ancient Greece and Rome. They reveal that women played a much more active role in battle than previously assumed, embodying martial virtues in both real and mythological combat. T 90. Romila Thapor, The Penguin History of Early India. From the Origins to AD 1300. The Penguin History Of Early India From The Origins to AD 1300 gives its readers an exhaustive idea about the history of India, from the time of its formation, through its gradual coalition, to its structure in A.D. 1300. The account is not a chronological narration of the events that took place to form India, but the narration of the story of India. Romila Thapar’s version of the history of India is composed of many stories of the different parts of India which gradually came together to form one great country. Diverse subjects such as religion, art, erotica, language, society are analyzed in conjunction with each other. V 91. Dominique Valbelle Charles Bonnet, The Nubian Pharaohs. Black Kings on the Nile. Beautifully illustrated with over 170 color photographs, The Nubian Pharaohs illuminates the epic history of this little-known historical era, when the pharaohs of Egypt came from Sudan. 92. Moulie Vidas, Tradition and the Formation of the Talmud. Tradition and the Formation of the Talmud offers a new perspective on perhaps the most important religious text of the Jewish tradition. It is widely recognized that the creators of the Talmud innovatively interpreted and changed the older traditions on which they drew. Focusing on the Babylonian Talmud, produced in the rabbinic academies of late ancient Mesopotamia, Vidas analyzes key passages to show how the Talmuds creators contrasted their own voice with that of their predecessors. He also examines Zoroastrian, Christian, and mystical Jewish sources to reconstruct the debates and wide-ranging conversations that shaped the Talmuds literary and intellectual character. 93. Phiroze Vasunia, The Gift of the Nile. Hellenizing Egypt from Aeschylus to Alexander. The Egyptians mesmerized the ancient Greeks for scores of years. The Greek literature and art of the classical period are especially thick with representations of Egypt and Egyptians. Yet despite numerous firsthand contacts with Egypt, Greek writers constructed their own Egypt, one that differed in significant ways from actual Egyptian history, society, and culture. Informed by recent work on orientalism and colonialism, this book unravels the significance of these misrepresentations of Egypt in the Greek cultural imagination in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. In addition, this provocative and original work shows how Greek writers made possible literary Europes most persistent and adaptable obsession: the barbarian. 94. Phiroze Vasunia, G. Boys-Stones B. Graziosi (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Hellenic Studies. The Oxford Handbook of Hellenic Studies is a unique collection of some seventy articles, which together explore the ways in which ancient Greece has been, is, and might be studied. It is intended to inform its readers, but also, importantly, to inspire them, and to enable them to pursue their own research by introducing the primary resources and exploring the latest agenda for their study. The emphasis is on the breadth and potential of Hellenic Studies as a flourishing and exciting intellectual arena, and also upon its relevance to the way we think about ourselves today. W 95. Matt Waters, Ancient Persia. A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550 to 330 BCE. The Achaemenid Persian Empire, at its greatest territorial extent under Darius I (r. 522-486 B.C.E.), held sway over territory stretching from the Indus River Valley to southeastern Europe and from the western Himalayas to northeast Africa. In this book, Matt Waters gives a detailed historical overview of the Achaemenid period while considering the manifold interpretive problems historians face in constructing and understanding its history. This book offers a Persian perspective even when relying on Greek textual sources and archaeological evidence. 96. John Williams Shaun Hill, Food in the Ancient World. In Food in the Ancient World, a respected classicist and a practicing world-class chef explore a millennium of eating and drinking. The book focuses on ancient Greece and Rome, but also looks at Persian, Egyptian, Celtic and other cultures. It embraces people from all walks of life, from impoverished citizens subsisting on cereals, chickpeas and even locusts, to the meat-eating elites whose demands drove advances in gastronomy. Extending from Syria to Spain, and from the steppes of Russia to the deserts of North Africa, this evocative account gives readers a taste of the ancient world. 97. Peter Wiseman, The Myths of Rome. This major re-evaluation of Roman history and its afterlife in western culture through the mediums of myth and art triumphantly redresses the popular perception of classical myth as a predominantly Greek invention; and builds a cohesive narrative from the mass of mythical and historical tales that cluster around the nexus of Rome. 98. Ian Worthington, Alexander the Great. Man and God. Alexander the Great  conquered territories on a superhuman scale and established an empire that stretched from Greece to India. He spread Greek culture and education throughout his empire, and was worshiped as a living god by many of his subjects. But how great is a leader responsible for the deaths of tens of thousands of people? A ruler who prefers constant warring to administering the peace? A man who believed he was a god, who murdered his friends, and recklessly put his soldiers lives at risk? Ian Worthington delves into  Alexanders successes and failures, his paranoia, the murders he engineered, his megalomania, and his constant drinking. It presents a king corrupted by power and who, for his own personal ends, sacrificed the empire his father had fought to establish. Z 99. Reza Zarghamee, Discovering Cyrus. The Persian Conqueror Astride the Ancient World. Discovering Cyrus is a remarkable feat of portraiture. In his vast sweep, Reza Zarghamee draws on sources of every kind, always weighing evidence carefully where contradictions arise. The result is a living, breathing Cyrus standing atop a distant world, stretching from the Aegean Sea to the Hindu Kush, that played a key role in shaping our own. 100. Zhang Guang-Da, B.A. Litvinsky R. Shabani Samghabadi, History of Civilizations in Central Asia vol. 3. The Crossroads of Civilization, A.D. 250â€"750. The third volume in a series that chronicles the ancient history of Central Asia. What are your favorite books about ancient history? Itch that historical scratch with our other must-read recommendations for:   100 Must-Read Books of U.S. Historical Fiction   100 Must-Read Titles About Womens History   100 Must-Read Medieval Historical Fiction Novels   Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

The People, Words and Effects of the Great Awakening Essay

The Great Awakening was an event that occurred in the early 18th century characterized by fervent and enthusiastic worship in a series of revivals that spread throughout the American colonies. This event was noted for the growth of the Christian church and the promotion of traditional Puritan views on the issues of election and salvation. The success of the Great Awakening rests in the pluralistic, ecumenical, and sociological efforts of men from various theological backgrounds, yet espousing a unified message of repentance, forgiveness, and hope for the masses. Research available on this period ranges from 18th century newspapers and letters to current literary criticism of discourse of the period. However, the resources selected for†¦show more content†¦The other was a promotional effort whereby the printed word served to publicize and reinforce the preached word† (88). Both of these scholars agree that Whitefield’s involvement in the revival is what dis tinguished this great event from all others. Just as Gillies and Lambert acknowledge Whitefield’s value to the movement, Maxson recognizes the contributions of Whitefield in his dissertation, The Great Awakening in the Middle Colonies. Whitefield’s reputation preceded him and, consequently, many traditional pastors did not extend their pulpits to him for revival. As a matter of fact, Whitefield found himself shut out of many churches and publicly attacked by many clergymen, yet Maxson attributes the success of the revival in the Middle colonies to Whitefield’s forming an alliance with William Tennent (47). These scholars agree that George Whitefield, for a number of reasons, was undoubtedly the key factor in the success of the revivals of the Great Awakening. Although Whitefield is credited with being the leader of the movement, he was certainly not alone in his efforts. He was preceded by a couple of really strong orators, one of which was Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen of the Dutch Reformed Church. Frelinghuysen’s work in New Jersey dates back as early as 1720, yet his message, like Whitefield and many others of the Awakening,Show MoreRelatedThe Great Awakening By Jonathan Edwards1231 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Awakening was a revival of religion in the early American colonies. Some will say that the awakening had negative effects on the colonies, maybe, but overall I believe the Great Awakening had a positive effect and opened the eyes of the colonist, showing them truths of living in the New World and of things that could come for its future. These effects that the Great Awakening had on the early colonies is greatly studied and looked at, because it was what set the ground work for the religiousRead MoreReligious Revit alization Movement : The First Great Awakening1658 Words   |  7 PagesRevitalization Movement, The First Great Awakening The First Great Awakening, was a religious revitalization movement that came through the Atlantic region, and even more so in the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, forever impacting American religion is widely known as the most important event for American religion during the eighteenth century. The First Great Awakening was inspired by an English Methodist known as George Whitefield along with other ministers, when many people in the rural areas rejectedRead MoreWhose Time Had Come838 Words   |  3 PagesAlthough many people moved to the colonies for religious freedom, it was not long before the morals began to loosen and religious expectations became a small, unimportant sector of everyday life. As the first and second generations of colonists began to age and eventually die off, the upcoming population gave into temptations of the world and were soon far away from the hand of God. When the separatists made the trip overseas to the new world, they embarked on the dangerous journey in sight ofRead MoreThe Enlightenment and the Great Awakening.1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Awakening and the Enlightenment were two historical events that shaped the thoughts of people and religion in America. The most important factor in both of these events is the common theme of reason behind the movements. The Great Awakening began about the 1930s and reached its climax ten years later in 1740. What exactly was the Great Awakening? It was a wave of religion revivals sweeping through New England that increased conversions and church membership. The beginnings of the GreatRead MoreThe Great Awakening By Theodorus Frelinghuysen884 Words   |  4 PagesBefore the Great Awakening, Theodorus Frelinghuysen, a German pastor’s son, born on November 6, 1692 in Lingen, Germany answered the call to theology. After Frelinghuysen’s education at the University of Lingen a nd ordination in 1717, he accepted his first pastoral commitment at Emden, then another one at East-Friesland before accepting a sub-rectorship position./At that time, his doctrine ascribed to living a Godly confessional style of piousness with heart, mind, and soul regarding the law, realizingRead MoreGreat Awakening Reflection932 Words   |  4 Pagesactual effect of the sermon on people. In addition, perspectives of slaves, women, Native Americans, and non-protestants are missing. Another potential problem is that â€Å"Sinners† is not a typical sermon. It differs a lot from Edwards’ other sermons in ideologies and emotions provoked so that I might not learn about typical effects sermons had on people at that time. More importantly, my present values influence my perception of the sermon. Since I have some difficulty to interpret key words like â€Å"wicked†Read MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown894 Words   |  4 Pages1) In 175 words or more, t ake two of the romantic characteristics we discussed in class and explain how they are demonstrated in at least two of the stories we read. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, I found several romanticism characteristics to be in this story. One being, the emphasis on feelings and emotions. Nathaniel Hawthorne writes, â€Å"The cry of grief, rage, and terror was yet piercing through the night, when the unhappy husband held his breath for a response.† The cry of anguish and pain are veryRead MoreThe First Great Awakening By The Puritans1356 Words   |  6 Pagespractices. The Puritans continued to condemn and try to impose their single strict religious code upon non-Puritans, but their attempts were ultimately unsuccessful as the Great Awakening and Enlightenments movements in the 18th century reformed the religious and cultural philosophies in America tremendously. The first Great Awakening was the most important event in American religion up to that point, and can be characterized by a time in which clergymen strategically preached emotionally charged sermonsRead MoreThe Founding Fathers The Politicians Who Led Colonial Assemblies And Congresses1522 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual through events like the Great Awakening and Enlightenment, and the emergence of parties such as the Whigs. Meanwhile, they continued to hold close ties to their mother country through imitative actions caused by the mercantilist policies controlling trade and taxes. Although mercantilism imposed by the British brought the colonies and England closer, the ideas of individual liberty and choice that arose in pre-Revolutionary America including the Great Awakening, Enlightenment, and Whig ideologiesRead MoreThe Changing Place of Women DBQ893 Words   |  3 PagesThe antebellum market revolution transformed a subsistence economy of scattered farms and tiny workshops in to a national network of industry and commerce. In other words, it took the work that most people did in their homes, and made them more efficient through factories. On the other hand, the Second Great Awakening was a religious revival characterized by emotional mass â€Å"camp meetings† and widespread conversion. It influenced many things including the women’s movement. Although women were still

The Measurement Of Success Of Any Project Time, Cost,...

The parameters of measurement of success of any project-time, cost, safety, quality and customer satisfaction can be severely affected by construction delays (Shujaa Safdar Gardezi, 2013). This study investigates various factors affecting the timeline of the schedule by various participants in the project, followed by mathematical analysis to propose that the major reasons for delays are the domestic issues of the country. 2.1 Current techniques for the analysis of delays Following are three different modes of application of delay analysis techniques based on their simulations with fundamental schedules: 1. Direct Analysis Direct analysis involves examining the available schedule information without doing any simulations and modifications. Therefore, it is relatively simple, easy, less time consuming and a lot less expensive to perform. 2. Additive Analysis In this methodology, the delays are added to the schedule as individual activities to simulate the actual scenario of occurrence and reflect the effects of the delays on the as-planned schedule. The additions of the delays can be performed individually knowns as single stage analysis as well as in multiple schedules also known as multi-stage analysis (Trauner, 1990). Some of the examples of additive analysis are time impact analysis, impacted as-planned, window analysis and as-planned but for. 3. Subtractive Analysis In this analysis, modifications and simulations are carried out on the as-built schedules in a backwardShow MoreRelatedQuality Insurance1712 Words   |  7 PagesQuality Improvement Plan: Part III - Managing and Improving Quality In today’s health care environment, competition remains high and many organizations are seeking new ways to improve their quality of care, as well as remain competitive with other health care organizations in the process. Various methods exist today for organizations to integrate quality improvement strategies to help in the measurement of performance improvements. This paper will discuss:1) several methodologies, the pros andRead MoreFood And Drink Industries Companies1622 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol panels. Accordingly, this approach can carry a lot of variation over time. Moreover, this process is time consuming, costly and limited by the number of samples that can be tested. It requires involving people from outside of the company so it is needed to deal with issues like confidentiality, safety and public image. Based on any of the food and drink industries companies’ benefit’s purpose, the DMACI project team proposes a measure system of E-noses and E-tongu es to measure smell and tasteRead MoreTotal Quality Management (Tqm) in Hospitality Industry: a Study of the Application of Tqm in  a Hotels  Engineering Department and Its  Effects on  Hotel Performance18578 Words   |  75 PagesTotal Quality Management (TQM) in Hospitality Industry: A study of the application of TQM in  a hotels  engineering department and its  effects on  hotel performance By Mark Chan A DISSERTATION Submitted to The University of Liverpool in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF Project Management 2011 A Dissertation entitled Total Quality Management (TQM) in Hospitality Industry: A study of the application of TQM in  a hotels  engineeringRead MoreThe Iso 9000: 2008 Is A Family Of International Quality1433 Words   |  6 PagesThe ISO 9000: 2008 is a family of international quality management standards and guidelines is used as a basis for establishing efficient and effective quality management systems. Nowadays more companies are operating in the global market economy, and it has become more important for the need for standardised international standards. They form a collective of documents developed and updated for continual improvement and business excellence to meet the needs and expectations of users and the marketRead MoreIntroduction – Process Improvement Plan. Space Systems2078 Words   |  9 Pagesfor future full scale model rocket launch. This project will only include the assembly of the rocket. The process improvement plan is a component of the Project Management Plan for the Canadian Arrow Rocket plan that will outline steps to analy ze the project and to identify any areas of opportunity that could benefit from enhancements (Project Management Institute, 2013). This process improvement plan is conducted throughout the life of the project. The Process Improvement Plan includes keeping anRead MoreQuality Gurus2253 Words   |  10 Pageshave been responsible for the quality movement with the leading contributors W. Edwards Deming, Joseph M. Juran, and Philip B. Crosby. Compare and Contrast the three primary quality gurus and select one of these leaders and describe why you feel his work has definitely contributed to project quality management. Build on the items presented in the textbook in terms of their contributions and the comparison of the expert s work. Discuss the highlights of the quality Guru s contribution. Note whatRead MoreTotal Quality Management: Ability to Deliver High-Quality Products and Services to Customers4370 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿ Total quality management (TQM) is the organization-wide effort to install and make permanent a climate in which it continuously improves its ability to deliver high-quality products and services to customers. While there is no widely agreed-upon approach, TQM efforts typically draw heavily on the previously-developed tools and techniques of quality control. As a business phenomenon, TQM enjoyed widespread attention during the late 1980s and early 1990s before being overshadowed by ISO 9000, LeanRead MoreEnvironment Factor Affecting Construction Industry50067 Words   |  201 PagesThe Islamic University - Gaza Deanery of High Studies Faculty of Engineering Construction Management Dep. ΓÎ °Ã  ±ΔÏ ´Ã £Ã ¼ÃŽ ³Ã ¹ÃŽ ΔÏÅ'Ï £ÃŽÅ½ÃŽ  ÃÅ¸ÃŽ  ÎŽÏ ´Ã  ÃÅ'ÏŸÎ ΕΎÎ ³ÃŽ ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ªÃÅ¸ÃŽ ΓÎ ©ÃŽÅ½Ã ¤Ãâ€¹ ΔÎ ³ÃŽ ªÃ ¨Ã ¬ÃÅ¸ÃŽ ΔÏ ´Ã  Ãâ€º ÃŽ ªÃ ´Ã ´ÃŽ ¸ÃŽËœÃÅ¸ÃŽ ΓÎ ­ÃŽ ÃŽ ©ÃŽâ€¡Ï ¢ÃŽ ´Ãâ€" Factors Affecting the Performance of Construction Projects in the Gaza Strip Saleh Samir Abu Shaban B.Sc. Civil Engineering, The Islamic University Supervised by Prof. Dr. Adnan Enshassi Professor of Construction Engineering and Management A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsRead MoreThe Baldrige Performance Excellence Program1201 Words   |  5 PagesBaldrige Performance Excellence Program The Baldrige Performance Excellence Program is a current model using certain criteria for purposes of improving quality and risk management. Health care organizations and risk managers around the country utilize this model to boost safety processes and outcomes. At the other end, a final goal is sought to reduce cost and get positive results for the organization. Criteria within the Baldrige model focuses on the successful operation of health care organizationsRead MoreIntroduction to Balanced Scorecard3479 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction to the Balanced Scorecard and Performance Measurement Systems 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to the Balanced Scorecard and Performance Measurement Systems by Christian C. Johnson From the beginning, it is important to understand why measuring an organization’s performance is both necessary and vital. An organization operating without a performance measurement system is like an airplane flying without a compass, a Formula One race car driver guiding his car blindfolded, or a CEO

The Importance of Stradlater’s Composition in the Catcher in the Rye Free Essays

Stradlater’s composition is supposed to be about a room in a house that can be described. Holden decides to write about his dead brother’s baseball glove because he is deeply depressed about his death and has not come to terms with his grief over the loss of his brother. Allie’s glove, with the green writing on it, is symbolic of isolation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Stradlater’s Composition in the Catcher in the Rye or any similar topic only for you Order Now Allie felt separate from his teammates while playing baseball. Instead of paying attention to the game, he would write poetry on his glove while playing the outfield. The mitt reminds holden of his brother and is the only thing he can be descriptive about so it is what holden writes Stradlater’s report on it. The more Holden focuses on his dead brother, the more alone he feels.He does not connect with the people around him, but dwells on people who are memories, like Allie and Jane Gallagher. Holden’s deep unresolved sadness over the loss of his brother, a person he tells us was better than him,who should not have died at such as young age, indicates that he feels a sense of guilt over being alive Holden questions why he should still be here, when he brother, who was smarter and kinder than him should be dead.One of the central questions that Holden asks in the book, and never receives a satisfactory answer to, is how can a young person die and the world, his family, ac cept it and move on with their lives. Holden is angry at his family for coping with Allie’s death, he is angry at the world for continuing when his little brother died. He is angry at life for being so unfair. How to cite The Importance of Stradlater’s Composition in the Catcher in the Rye, Papers

The Importance of Stradlater’s Composition in the Catcher in the Rye Free Essays

Stradlater’s composition is supposed to be about a room in a house that can be described. Holden decides to write about his dead brother’s baseball glove because he is deeply depressed about his death and has not come to terms with his grief over the loss of his brother. Allie’s glove, with the green writing on it, is symbolic of isolation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Stradlater’s Composition in the Catcher in the Rye or any similar topic only for you Order Now Allie felt separate from his teammates while playing baseball. Instead of paying attention to the game, he would write poetry on his glove while playing the outfield. The mitt reminds holden of his brother and is the only thing he can be descriptive about so it is what holden writes Stradlater’s report on it. The more Holden focuses on his dead brother, the more alone he feels.He does not connect with the people around him, but dwells on people who are memories, like Allie and Jane Gallagher. Holden’s deep unresolved sadness over the loss of his brother, a person he tells us was better than him,who should not have died at such as young age, indicates that he feels a sense of guilt over being alive Holden questions why he should still be here, when he brother, who was smarter and kinder than him should be dead.One of the central questions that Holden asks in the book, and never receives a satisfactory answer to, is how can a young person die and the world, his family, ac cept it and move on with their lives. Holden is angry at his family for coping with Allie’s death, he is angry at the world for continuing when his little brother died. He is angry at life for being so unfair. How to cite The Importance of Stradlater’s Composition in the Catcher in the Rye, Papers